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Soldier Center Aerial Delivery Experts Retire After Decades of Invaluable Army Service

Saturday, August 24th, 2024

NATICK, Mass. – The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, or DEVCOM SC, recently celebrated the remarkable careers and well-deserved retirements of two aerial delivery experts with a staggering 116 years of combined service to the Army and nation.

Long-time colleagues, jump teammates, Army veterans, and close friends John Mahon and William (Bill) Millette formally retired from their Army civilian careers during a joint ceremony held June 23 at the Natick Soldier Systems Center (NSSC), in Natick, Massachusetts.

They were presented retirement certificates, flags, and several aerial delivery-related gifts. They also received certificates of appreciation from the Rhode Island Army National Guard, a local military partner and host of the annual Leapfest International Military Static Line Parachute competition. Mahon and Millette have routinely competed in Leapfest, representing DEVCOM and the U.S. Army Natick Parachute Team.

Mahon’s 55-year career includes 31 years on active-duty and 24 as a Department of the Army (DA) civilian.  Millette served 28 years in uniform on active-duty and in the Reserves, and more than 38 years as a DA civilian. Both men served their entire civilian careers at NSSC working for Soldier Center.

Since 2000, Mahon and Millette worked together on the Aerial Delivery Engineering Support Team (ADEST) under the center’s Aerial Delivery Division, performing the duties of a senior airdrop equipment specialist and senior mechanical engineer, respectively, where their military experiences, technical knowledge, and dedication to duty made them indispensable members of the organization and broader aerial delivery community.

During their time at Soldier Center, Mahon and Millette were instrumental in helping research, develop, and evaluate numerous cargo and personnel parachute systems to advance new aerial delivery technologies. A highlight of their combined efforts and technical accomplishments includes: the Low-Cost Low-Altitude (LCLA) cargo resupply system, the T-10 Parachute, Modified Improved Reserve Parachute System (MIRPS), the All-Purpose Weapons and Equipment Container (AIRPAC), serving as the designated lead for the C-17 developmental test efforts, and the C-130J program, among many other programs and technologies implemented.

They also provided a specialized function for the airdrop community by conducting formal investigations into parachute-related accidents across the Department of Defense, or DoD.

“The years of service and the incredibly long list of contributions these two aerial delivery SMEs [Subject Matter Experts] have provided the DoD, both in uniform and in their civilian careers, is enormous,” said Richard Benney, associate director of the Soldier Sustainment Directorate and former supervisor to both men as the previous Aerial Delivery Division director. “Countless Aerial Delivery Division SMEs have engaged John and Bill for input on various technical issues over the years and routinely for their historical knowledge.”

“The experience and expertise that John and Bill brought to the aerial delivery community was invaluable and they will be sorely missed,” said Jennifer Hunt, deputy to the associate director of the Soldier Sustainment Directorate and former ADEST coworker and fellow Natick Jump Team member. “They were both instrumental in making both cargo and personnel aerial delivery safer and more effective for all the U.S. service branches.”

One specific area of technical expertise that Mahon and Millette were both well-known for, according to Benney, was being the Army’s “go-to” SMEs for investigating parachute malfunctions. Occasionally, these malfunctions resulted in a paratrooper or jumper fatality. Within a few hours’ notice, they could be traveling to an accident location and be gone for weeks while completing their investigations.

“Airborne accident investigations were one of the most serious and challenging responsibilities of their jobs at Soldier Center,” said Benney.

At the request of the Combat Readiness Center, they would be assigned as the technical leads of an investigation team charged with determining exactly what happened and why. This required extensive technical expertise, detail-oriented focus and stamina, as they often spent countless, grueling hours ensuring that all the evidence was gathered, accurately recorded, and that interviews were conducted professionally and thoroughly.

The results of these investigations helped ensure that lessons learned were applied to materiel changes or revised tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP’s) to make sure it would never happen again.

“The entire aerial delivery community greatly appreciates their attention to detail and thoroughness during these investigations,” said Benney. “Their dedication has directly resulted in making the airborne community even safer.”

Millette’s career at Soldier Center began in January 1986, when he started as a student under the DA’s Scientist and Engineer Co-Op Program and ended with his 2024 retirement.

Millette’s early work involved resolving construction difficulties with the G-12 deployment bag, modifying packing procedures for the 35-foot ribbon parachute used in the Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System, investigating the effect of 50% and 100% pocket bands on the opening time of the T-10 parachute, and supporting the development of the 60K airdrop system for the C-5 aircraft, including developing procedures for the extraction system and for the clustering of the 12 G-11 parachutes used in the system. He also managed the All-Purpose Weapons and Equipment Container (AIRPAC) and Parachutist Individual Equipment Rapid Release (PIE-R2) programs.

Millette was heavily involved with an Operational Support Cost Reduction (OSCR) proposal for the 15-foot static line, and the development of the Universal Static Line (USL). He combined his involvement with the OSCR program, the USL, and his experience with mountaineering equipment to modify a French snap hook so that it no longer needed to be sewed to the static line.

Instead, it could be easily joined with or removed from a static line, resulting in the current USL snap hook design that enables easy conversion between 15 and 20-ft lengths to accommodate jumping from various aircraft.

According to his biography, Millette also made significant contributions to the fielding of the Modified Improved Reserve Parachute System (MIRPS), including “a complete revision of the technical data package, testing of replacement pilot chute materials, resolving cone and grommet separation problems, identifying a solution to inadvertent deployments, and supporting technical manual revisions, contracting and quality assurance activities.”

Additionally, Millette was the lead author for the 2001 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics paper, titled, “Investigation of Methods to Improve Static Line Effective Strength,” and was a contributing author on two other AIAA papers, a 2002 Army Research Laboratory technical report, and a 2003 article in the journal Composite Structures, titled “Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of Parachute Static Lines.”

These accomplishments demonstrate Millette’s engineering prowess and attention to detail – skills he utilized to make Army airborne operations safer.

During this time, Millette continued to serve in uniform as an Army officer as both a combat engineer and civil affairs officer, deploying multiple times to hot spots around the world in support of military operations, including Operation Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, or JTFHOA, in Djibouti.

“Bill was a great team member, both in and out of uniform,” said Soldier Center’s Aerial Delivery Division Chief Mike Henry. “He had several tours of duty in uniform and always returned to Natick ready to jump back in to support the Soldier in his civilian role.”

After his deployment to Africa, Millette returned to ADEST and was selected to participate in the Naval Postgraduate School Master of Science in Systems Engineering distance learning program, which he completed in 2015, the same year he completed his military service and entered the Retired Reserve.

“Bill dedicated his career to being and supporting the professional Soldier,” said Henry. “Over the course of his career, he designed and analyzed numerous pieces of aerial delivery equipment, always to ensure the Soldier had the safest, most capable tools to conduct their missions.”

“His knowledge and experience will be sincerely missed,” Henry added.

Mahon’s military service reads like a checklist of qualifications for his future civilian job. As a Soldier, he became intimately familiar with the existing T-10 Parachute, and from then on, he would learn all things parachute.

Enlisting in 1969 during the height of the Vietnam War, Mahon served in a variety of airdrop-related jobs, including as a parachute packer, parachute repairman, parachute training instructor, sling load instructor, parachute maintenance technician, and parachute rigger – jobs that laid a solid foundation of technical expertise.

His last assignment in uniform brought him to the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center (now called DEVCOM Soldier Center), where he served as a military liaison and senior parachute rigger. In November of 1999, Mahon retired from active duty as a highly decorated Chief Warrant Officer 4 with extensive experience.

After a few months working as a DOD contractor, Mahon was hired in March 2000 as an Army civilian in the role of Senior Airdrop Equipment Specialist for ADEST, where he also returned to jump status, using his military experience to provide guidance to personnel developing airdrop and aerial delivery equipment for Soldiers until his retirement in 2024.

At ADEST, Mahon led numerous field-failure investigations and was an active participant in the Materiel Review Board, The Joint Technical Airdrop Group, and numerous other DoD-level aerial delivery working groups, committees, and projects.

“John was a corner stone in the aerial delivery community for decades, from his active-duty career to his civilian service,” said Henry. “He had the knowledge and experience to quickly respond to any request the field had of him, often resulting in TDY at a moment’s notice. He possessed competencies that only exist after one has spent decades in the career field.”

Sharing and passing on his knowledge was a common theme expressed by former coworkers and teammates.

“He also worked diligently in his time leading up to departure to distribute his hard-learned lessons to others and will leave a lasting impact on both the civilian and military aerial delivery community,” said Henry.

“John had a unique ability to help his fellow engineers and scientists understand how airdrop worked,” said William Ricci, a senior research engineer at Soldier Center and Mahon’s former ADEST teammate.

While serving in his civilian capacity at Soldier Center, Mahon led the effort to rapidly field the Low- Cost Low-Altitude (LCLA) cargo resupply system for Soldiers serving in Afghanistan, where he deployed to help train operators to use the system. The LCLA went on to successfully execute uncountable small-unit resupply missions for Soldiers on the ground.

“Throughout my years in service, I was continuously involved with safety investigations, developing rigging procedures, or providing malfunction analysis to all branches of the services,” said Mahon. “I believe some of my analysis contributed to identifying training equipment shortfalls, training enhancements needed and overall reducing risks to the individual paratrooper.”

During his career, Mahon received numerous commendation awards and top honors for his work, most notably, his inductions into the U.S. Army Warrant Officer Hall of Fame, the U.S Army Parachute Riggers Hall of Fame, and the U.S. Army Quartermaster Hall of Fame. Feats only a relatively few other Soldiers have accomplished in the history of the Army.

Mahon retired with an incredibly distinguished professional career. He is highly revered for his technical expertise, his dedication to protecting Soldiers, and his fascinating, funny stories.

“John and Bill played major roles in establishing Soldier Center’s reputation as experts in the development and evaluation of aerial delivery technology,” said Doug Tamilio, director of DEVCOM Soldier Center. “Their careers, both in uniform and as civilians — including investigating accidents caused by personnel parachute malfunctions — improved the safety of DoD airborne operations and advanced the aerial sustainment of warfighters for generations to come.”

“We honor their contributions to the Army aerial delivery community, and we will greatly miss their presence at Soldier Center,” said Tamilio.

LAST JUMP

One of the reasons Mahon and Millette were so proficient at their jobs was that they remained on active jump status throughout their civilian careers, giving them continued personal experience using the same equipment that they helped develop and improve for Soldiers, often with and alongside them.

Their extensive experience using the personnel airdrop equipment over the course of their military and civilian careers provided invaluable direct insight and served as an essential tool in shaping design and performance feedback, and honed their expertise, which they passionately applied to protecting Soldiers.

It was also simply a fun part of their jobs. Not just for the thrill and challenge of parachute jumping itself, which they clearly enjoyed, but for remaining a part of the Army airborne community and the comradery of jumping with coworkers on the Natick Parachute Team, which is comprised of both military and civilian jump-qualified employees working on the NSSC installation.

“I’ve been very fortunate. I’ve had no major jump incidents,” said Mahon. “But that experience, and having lived those scenarios, is invaluable to the work that we do and for understanding [parachute] deployments. It reinforces the idea that we need to make sure the equipment we make is safe, reliable and capable.”

So how did they end their decades of being on active jump status? With one more jump, naturally.

Two weeks before their retirement ceremony, Mahon and Millette both completed their last official military static line parachute jump for the Army during combined airborne operations training between the Natick Parachute Team, and the Rhode Island Army National Guard on June 7 at Flintstone Drop Zone in West Greenwich, Rhode Island.

There, Mahon capped his combined military and civilian 55-year airborne career with his 1159th and final Army jump during the training event, while Millette’s final was his 110th.

They were the first jumpers out of the aircraft, the first to land, and then celebrated by their fellow jumpers as they came off the drop zone.

There was no fanfare, no special awards. Just fellow jumpers, Soldiers, and coworkers waiting to congratulate them on the last official jump of their amazing careers, and the combined 116 years they carried with them.

By Jeff Sisto, DEVCOM Soldier Center Public Affairs

By The Way, Happy National Airborne Day

Friday, August 16th, 2024

The first official US military parachute jump was on 16 August, 1940. Seen above are members of the Parachute Test Platoon.

Afghan War Rugs from Combat Flip Flops Now Available

Monday, August 12th, 2024

Doing their part to keep Afghan artisans at work, Combat Flip Flops is now importing war rugs in small quantities.

Handmade by artisan Afghan rug makers, war rugs began during the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan to educate children on the dangers of tanks, mines, and other weapons of war. Since then, they’ve become iconic for those that served in those harsh mountains.

Each one is uniquely different, so you can say that each one is 1 of 1.

Afghan War Rugs

150 cm x 100 cm
wool
$199 – $499

Green Beret Barry Sadler On Patrol in Vietnam

Tuesday, August 6th, 2024

If you’ve ever spent any time at Camp Mackall, NC you’ve likely heard “The Ballad of the Green Beret” over the loud speakers. Well that 1966 song made it unto the pop charts and was sung by real-life Special Forces NCO SSG Barry Sadler. Here’s a photo of him in 1966 while on patrol in Vietnam, advising Montagnard forces.

Long-time SSD readers will likely recognize Sadler’s name and likeness from my posts on the Casca series of pulp fiction books which were launched in 1979 and are still in print but with a new author.

MI History: Army Security Agency Establishes DARRS Detachments

Sunday, August 4th, 2024

I love military history and in particular SOF and SI history, having served in both communities. I especially appreciate the MI stuff since so little has been published. The US Army’s Military Intelligence Soldier Heritage Learning Center recently shared this post:


Photo: Personnel of the 1st ASTD, one of the ARVN units supported by the DARRS detachments

On 31 July 1970, the Army Security Agency (ASA) established Division Advisors Radio Research Support (DARRS) Detachments in South Vietnam. The DARRS detachments were an effort to further the overall “Vietnamization” of the war as well as provide direct support to the American advisors with Army of Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) divisions.

In early 1969, President Richard Nixon’s administration began a program to end American involvement in Vietnam, which involved expanding, equipping, and training South Vietnamese military forces so they could take an increased combat role while reducing the number of American forces. As part of this broader program, the ARVN began to organize their SIGINT effort. To support their divisions, they organized ARVN Special Technical Detachments (ASTDs) consisting of four officers and fifty-six enlisted personnel. Modeled on the ASA’s highly successful direct support units attached to American divisions and separate brigades, the ASTDs provided SIGINT support to combat divisions and passed information up the South Vietnamese cryptologic chain of command. On 1 July 1969, two ARVN divisions received the first ASTDs.

Under the terms of the Vietnamese Improvement and Modernization Program, ASA’s 509th Radio Research (RR) Group, under Col. William W. Higgins, would assist the ASTDs by providing mission equipment and logistical support and by instructing the South Vietnamese on how to perform their own maintenance. All the while, ASA leaders continued to take every opportunity to press the ARVN to focus upon voice intercept and even offered on-the-job training by temporarily assigning Vietnamese to the 509th RR Group’s own low-level voice intercept teams.

Over the next year, Higgins and his group informally supported the ARVN’s nascent SIGINT efforts. Under Project SCREWDRIVER, 509th RR soldiers regularly visited South Vietnamese elements to pass on maintenance tips and to ensure they were receiving necessary supplies. These visits also proved an excellent means to monitor overall operational progress.

At the same time, intelligence support for American advisors became more critical. Consequently, the 509th RR Group field-tested the concept of a team dedicated to specifically support the senior American advisor for the 1st ARVN Division. This test proved so successful that the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) approved the concept for all of the ASTDs. On 31 July 1970, MACV and ASA established the DARRS detachments.

The DARRS detachments’ primary function was to pass SIGINT information to senior American personnel advising the South Vietnamese divisions and to provide a sanitized version for the ARVN commanders. In addition, DARRS personnel provided the ASTDs with constant support and advice. Their impact was immediately evident and began to assure that the ARVN detachments were operationally functional.

As one advisor noted, “For a long time we had a shortage of hard intelligence…The 9th DARRS has given us the ability to make estimates and allow the commander to make decisions.”

?Michael E. Bigelow

Unveiled: Minted USMC Coins For 250TH Anniversary

Monday, July 29th, 2024

MARINE CORPS BASE QUANTICO, VA —

The Marine Corps Heritage Foundation and the U.S. Mint unveiled a trio of commemorative coin designs honoring the 250 years of Marine Corps service and sacrifice during a minting ceremony July 17, 2024, at the National Museum of the Marine Corps.

The last coin minted in honor of the Marine Corps was for the Corps’ 230th anniversary in 2005, and the generated funds enabled the construction of the NMMC, where the 250th commemorative coins were officially revealed.

“This is a way for everyone in America to recognize the importance of 250 years of what the Marine Corps means to this country,” said retired U.S. Marine Corps Maj. Gen. James W. Lukeman, the president and CEO of the MCHF.

The images on the coins, he said, cover 250 years of “every Marine is a rifleman.” The gold coin depicts the Marine Corps Color Guard while the flag raising of Iwo Jima is on the silver coin, and the clad coin features two Marines: one dons the continental uniform of 1775 with a musket, and the other in modern-day camouflage utilities wielding a M4 service rifle.

“Next year will mark 250 years of the Marine Corps making Marines and winning battles on behalf of our great Nation. These coins represent the cultural significance of our Corps and will directly contribute to the telling of our history and preserving our institution in the hearts of future generations.”

said the Commandant of the Marine Corps Gen. Eric M. Smith.

On July 26, 2023, President Joe Biden signed into law the 250th Marine Corps Anniversary Commemorative Coin Act following its passing through congress, authorizing the minting of over 1 million commemorative coins.

“It’s so special for each of us, because there is so much care that goes into the design of these coins,” said Kristie McNally, the deputy director of U.S. Mint, regarding all the people involved in the design process of the coins. “It’s exciting to actually get to share them with the public.”

All surcharges generated from coin sales will support the MCHF and the NMMC’s future educational, historical, and cultural programs that preserve, showcase and educate the public on Marine Corps history, traditions and culture.

The commemorative coins become a part of the next year’s national celebration of the Marine Corps’ 250th anniversary, and this set will be the only commemorative coins minted in 2025.

Specifically, the signed legislation authorized the Department of Treasury to mint 50,000 five-dollar coins, 400,000 one-dollar coins, and 750,000 half-dollar coins.

“I am grateful to the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation, congressional leaders, and all those who made this coin possible,” said Smith. “We are honored that they would bestow this symbol of appreciation upon us.

To view the Marine Corps’ 250th Anniversary Commemorative Coins, please visit www.usmint.gov/learn/coin-and-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/us-marine-corps-250th-anniversary.

Sales will be available early 2025, at www.usmint.gov.

Story by Shaemus Sawyer, Marine Corps Base Quantico

Photo by LCpl Joaquin Carlos Dela T

Blast From The Past: BDS – The Grey Uniform That Almost Was

Monday, July 15th, 2024

Long before Wolf Grey became all the rage, there was something else. In the early 1990s Army Special Operations Command experimented with a layered clothing system called Battle Dress System. Leveraging lessons learned from the original Extreme Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS), it featured a Capilene Next to Skin layer, Fleece mid-layers including a bib and pile jacket, a Gore-Tex undergarment and an outer layer called the SOF BDU. The underlayers were all Black and eventually became the Lightweight Environmental Protection (LEP) component of SPEAR. In all, BDS consisted of six layers with an additional NBC layer that was never developed.

Developed as a Tech Base project, the goal was quite ambitious. BDS was touted as offering “protection against weather extremes, ballistic threats, chemical and biological threats, and enemy detection. The uniform is intended solely for combat. It will be multi-layered and will be adaptable to different weather conditions. The uniform will have integrated detection avoidance technologies as well as a chemical and biological agent protective layer. The rest of the system will additionally provide the user with a load-bearing system that adapts to the mission at hand as well as attachable/detachable body armor components.”

The system itself was quite popular with those that used it, offering material and design improvements over ECWCS which was just beginning to see widespread fielding.

The SOF BDU consisted of a smock-like combat jacket and field trouser in a hue called Mouse Grey. These were essentially over garments that were intended to be worn as an outerlayer, over any combination of the other components depending on the weather. The material was new and consisted of Nylon, Cotton and Kevlar for increased abrasion resistance.

The design of the jacket was unlike anything else in the inventory with large Napoleon pockets on the chest and a hood that could be stored in the collar. It also boasted pit zips for ventilation, a rank tab on the chest and pockets mounted on the sleeves. The pants were quite similar to the M1950 field trouser and incorporated thigh tapes designed to help stabilize the load in the cargo pockets. They also added a zippered lower leg opening in order facilitate donning and doffing. There was also a Boonie hat as part of the system.

It was trialled along with a laid carriage and armor suite crafted by JS Industries called the Predator System. JS Industries eventually morphed into Paraclete Industries and Predator was a modular system which used system similar to PALS.

The Predator system was made from a greenish mesh and a Grey-Green Cordura which didn’t quite match the clothing.  The Soft Snap attachment is an integral part of the pouch.  It consists of 1″ webbing about twice as long as the pouch, with a stiffened end which is done by doubling webbing over a strip of polyethylene plastic.  It works just like PALS with one exception. The strap is attached to the back of the top of the pouch.  There is a tunnel sewn into the back of the pouch.  The strap is woven over and under the lattice work of webbing strap on the vest and the stiffened portion is tucked into tunnel on the back of the pouch which secures the pouch to the vest.  So there’s no actual metallic snap, it’s all webbing. Several companies use similar systems now to interface with PALS platforms. However, Soft Snap has a much larger gap between rungs.

Today, when readers learn about BDS and its Charcoal colored Gore-Tex undergarment they are surprised that it wasn’t the outer most layer. One of the first military applications of Gore-Tex in the mid-80s was a lightweight 3-layer undergarment available commercially and known as a “Stealth Suit.” Although SOF units had had ECWCS for some time, this was still before camouflage hardshells were commonly available. Instead, this offered a lightweight waterproof breathable layer which could be stored in an ammo pouch. These commercial Gore-Tex undergarments were used by a variety of troops, becoming quite popular in Canada, and worn under their BDUs in order to maintain camouflage. The term stealth came about since shells at the time were quite noisy, making a “swish” sound while the stealth suit was worn under the combat uniform and was much quieter.

Some of the details of the system’s development are outlined in the book “The Commandos” by Douglas Waller in an interview with Sal Raineri. In my opinion Sal is the father of BDS and worked after retiring as a Green Beret at the Directorate of Combat Developments at the USAJFKSWCS, a tiny organization which eventually grew and grew into USASOC G8. Another alumnus of that shop is LTC Robert Harris (USA, Ret) who had served in the 9th Inf Div High Technology Test Bed and brought with him what became known as the Harris Assault Vest (Eagle Industires) as well as a bolo-style bayonet for the M16 that never went into production.

With its solid grey color the system was rejected, primarily due to institutional prejudice. At the time, everything was Woodland and OD. USASOC nominated BDS for the SEP program but the Infantry Center wasn’t interested. When LEP was finally adopted later in the decade, it was without the SOF BDU.

MCA Releases its First Video Series and Feature Length Film on Battle of First Manassas

Sunday, July 7th, 2024

Quantico, VA, Jun 28, 2024: The Marine Corps Association released its first video series and feature length film on the Battle of First Manassas. The project, part of the Association’s professional military education initiative, completed the production to augment one of a number of battle studies offered by the non-profit organization for use by Marines attending any training and education programs, units seeking additional sources for battlefield staff ride programs, and Civil War enthusiasts.

The project took ten months to complete led primarily by Marine Corps Gazette Assistant Editor William Treuting. Staff from the Marine Corps Gazette magazine contributed to every aspect of the film, including the narration and video editing. Treuting intended to provide a tactical analysis of the battle while utilizing Manassas National Battlefield Park as the primary setting to tell the story.

“This film is primarily intended for military leaders preparing to conduct a staff ride of the Manassas battlefield; however, it is also meant to be viewed by anyone with enthusiasm for Marine Corps history, American Civil War history, or military history in general,” said Treuting. “I hope this film will encourage the viewers to further explore the Battle of First Manassas, whether that be visiting the battlefield, reading historical accounts, or wargaming the battle.”

The video will be released in a three-part series on the Marine Corps Association YouTube channel starting June 30th. The full-length feature will be released on the anniversary of the battle on July 21st.

www.youtube.com/@MarineCorpsAssoc

MCA is a (501(c)(19)) Military Service Association charted in 1913 as the professional association of the Marines. MCA is dedicated to leadership development, recognition of professional excellence and expanding the rich traditions, history, and spirit of the United States Marine Corps.